Artificial Intelligence

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 What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans. AI can be viewed from a variety of perspectives-

  • From the perspective of intelligence, artificial intelligence is making machines "intelligent" acting as we would expect people to act. The Turing test is used to identify whether or not a computer is capable of thinking like a human being and Intelligence requires knowledge.
  • From a business perspective, AI is a set of very powerful tools and methodologies for using those tools to solve business problems.
  • From a programming perspective, AI includes the study of symbolic programming, problem-solving, and search. 
What is an AI technique?


Artificial intelligence problems span a very broad spectrum. They appear to have very little in common except that they are hard. AI Research of earlier decades results in the fact that intelligence requires knowledge. Knowledge possesses the following properties:
  • It is voluminous.
  • It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
  • It is constantly changing.
  • It differs from data. And it is organized in a way that corresponds to its usage.

There are three important AI techniques:

1. Search –
  • Provides a way of solving problems for which no direct approach is available.
  • It also provides a framework into which any direct techniques that are available can be embedded. 
2. Use of knowledge –
  • Provides a way of solving complex problems by exploiting the structure of the objects that are involved.
3. Abstraction –
  • Provides a way of separating important features and variations from many unimportant ones that would otherwise overwhelm any process.


Classification of AI

1. Weak AI: The study and design of machines that perform intelligent tasks.
  •  Not concerned with how tasks are performed, mostly concerned with performance and efficiency, such as solutions that are reasonable for NP-Complete problems. E.g., to make a flying machine, use logic and physics, and don’t mimic a bird.

2. Strong AI: The study and design of machines that simulate the human mind to perform intelligent tasks.
  • Borrow many ideas from psychology, and neuroscience. The goal is to perform tasks the way a human might do them – which makes sense since we do have models of human thought and problem-solving.
  • Includes psychological ideas in STM, LTM, forgetting, language, genetics, etc. Assumes that the physical symbol hypothesis holds.
3. Evolutionary AI. The study and design of machines that simulate simple creatures, and attempt to evolve and have higher level emergent behavior. For example, ants, bees, etc.


Applications of AI

· AI has been dominant in various fields such as −

1. Gaming − AI plays a vital role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where machines can think of a large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.

2. Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with a computer that understands the natural language spoken by humans.

3. Expert Systems − There are some applications that integrate machines, software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanations and advice to the users.

4. Computer Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the computer.

5. Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, changes in human noise, etc.

6. Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper with a pen or on-screen with a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert them into editable text.

7. Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors, and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.





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